Mood Disorders

What are Mood Disorders?

Mood disorders (1) are a mental health class that describes all types of depressive and bipolar disorders. Symptoms are not always present early in life, symptoms can be presented at various stages of life and not always at the same time. Depression is one of the most common mood disorders, highlighted by feelings of hopelessness, lack of drive to participate in favored activities, general sadness and other emotional and mental effects. 

Bipolar disorder (BD) will also share similar symptoms as depression, with episodes that last days, weeks or months. The differentiating feature is the addition of mania (2). There is a misconception that BD is an individual having momentary mood swings, the key difference is the duration of the depressed or manic state. Mania can best be described as periods of great excitement or euphoria, delusions, and overactivity. Both states of mind can be detrimental to an individual's life if left untreated.

Common Types of Mood Disorders and Symptoms

(As described by Harvard Medical School)

Major depression: The classic depression type, major depression is a state where a dark mood is all-consuming and one loses interest in activities, even ones that are usually pleasurable.  Symptoms of this type of depression include trouble sleeping, changes in appetite or weight, loss of energy, and feeling worthless. Thoughts of death or suicide may occur. It is usually treated with psychotherapy and medication. For some people with severe depression that isn't alleviated with psychotherapy or antidepressant medications, electroconvulsive therapy may be effective.

Persistent depressive disorder: Formerly called "dysthymia," this type of depression refers to a low mood that has lasted for at least two years but may not reach the intensity of major depression. Many people with this type of depression are able to function day to day, but feel low or joyless much of the time. Other depressive symptoms may include appetite and sleep changes, low energy, low self-esteem, or hopelessness.

Bipolar disorder: People with bipolar disorder—once known as manic-depressive disease—have episodes of depression. But they also go through periods of unusually high energy or activity. Manic symptoms look like the opposite of depression symptoms: grandiose ideas, unrealistically high self-esteem, decreased need for sleep, thoughts and activity at higher speed, and ramped-up pursuit of pleasure including sex sprees, overspending, and risk taking. Being manic can feel great, but it doesn't last long, can lead to self-destructive behavior, and is usually followed by a period of depression. Medications for bipolar disorder are different from those given for other depression types, but can be very effective at stabilizing a person's mood.

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD): This type of depression emerges as days get shorter in the fall and winter. The mood change may result from alterations in the body's natural daily rhythms, in the eyes' sensitivity to light, or in how chemical messengers like serotonin and melatonin function. The leading treatment is light therapy, which involves daily sessions sitting close to an especially intense light source. The usual treatments for depression, such as psychotherapy and medication, may also be effective.

Depression types unique to women:

Although women are at higher risk for general depression, they are also at risk for two different depression types that are influenced by reproductive hormones—perinatal depression and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD).

Perinatal depression: This type of depression includes major and minor depressive episodes that occur during pregnancy or in the first 12 months after delivery (also known as postpartum depression). Perinatal depression affects up to one in seven women who give birth and can have devastating effects on the women, their infants, and their families. Treatment includes counseling and medication.

PMDD: This type of depression is a severe form of premenstrual syndrome, or PMS. Symptoms of PMDD usually begin shortly after ovulation and end once menstruation starts. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), such as fluoxetine (Prozac) and sertraline (Zoloft), may reduce symptoms.

What causes Mood disorders and who is at a higher risk?

(As described by the Cleveland Clinic)

Researchers believe several factors contribute to the development of mood disorders, including:

Biological factors: The brain areas responsible for controlling your feelings and emotions are the amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex. People with mood disorders have been shown to have an enlarged amygdala on brain imaging tests.

Genetic factors: People who have a strong family history of a mood disorder are more likely to develop mood disorders, which shows that mood disorders are likely partly genetic/inherited.

Environmental factors: Stressful life changes, such as the death of a loved one; chronic stress; traumatic events; and childhood abuse are major risk factors for the development of a mood disorder later on in life, especially depression. Depression has also been linked to chronic illnesses, such as diabetes, Parkinson’s disease and heart disease.